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Enhance your outdoor experience by selecting the right wood for your firepit. This guide will help you understand the basics of firewood, the differences between hardwoods and softwoods, and the factors to consider when choosing the best firepit wood. We'll explore various types of wood, their burn time, heat output, smoke and spark production, and environmental impact. We'll also discuss the top firepit wood choices and provide safety tips for using firepit wood.
Understanding the basics of firewood is crucial for efficient burning. Hardwood, such as oak or ash, is dense and burns slowly, providing a good heat output. Softwood, like pine or cedar, ignites easily due to its resinous and fibrous nature, making it ideal for starting fires. However, it burns quickly, requiring more volume for sustained burning. The moisture content of the wood, often determined by the tree's growing conditions, affects its burning efficiency. Ideally, firewood should have a moisture content below 30% for optimal burning. The density of the wood also impacts the seasoning period, with denser woods like oak requiring longer seasoning.
Firewood comes in various types, each with unique burning characteristics. Hardwoods like Oak, Ash, and Beech are renowned for their slow burn and high heat output, making them ideal for firepits. Softwoods like Cedar and Pine, on the other hand, burn faster and produce a pleasant smell. However, the choice of firewood also depends on factors like moisture content, density, and seasoning period. For instance, Oak, a dense wood, requires a long seasoning period, while Birch can be burnt unseasoned. It's also important to note that some woods, like Horse Chestnut and Poplar, are of lower quality due to excessive spitting or smoke production.
Hardwoods are often the best choice for fire pits due to their density and dryness. Beech and ash are recommended as they ignite a low-maintenance fire that can burn for hours. Ash, a durable hardwood with high density and low moisture content, produces a clean, long-lasting flame. Maple wood, incredibly dense and sweet-smelling, is perfect for cooking. Beech wood, although dense, has a higher water content, so it's important to use it seasoned. Oak, although it takes years to dry out, provides a long-lasting fire. Cherry wood lights quickly and stays aflame for a good few hours.
Softwoods may be easier to light, but they will burn up quickly and produce excess smoke, so it may not be best for a relaxing evening around a fire pit. Pine is an example of a softwood that is perfect for creating a relaxing atmosphere due to its crackling sound when lit. However, due to its quick burn time, it's best to use pine as kindling rather than the main wood for your fire pit.
When choosing firepit wood, understanding the difference between hardwood and softwood is essential. Hardwoods, sourced from deciduous trees like oak and maple, burn for long periods due to their density. However, they struggle to light from cold, necessitating kindling. Softwoods, from evergreens like pine and fir, don't provide long-lasting heat but are perfect as kindling. Fuel value, indicating how much heat a unit of fuel produces when burned, is another important factor. A cord of wood has an average fuel value between 20,000-25,000 BTUs per cord, varying with the type of wood and its dryness.
The burn time of firewood is a crucial factor to consider when choosing firepit wood. A typical 16″ long piece of firewood will burn from 1.5 to 3.5 hours long. A standard cut 16″ piece of wood will have nearly become all ash at the 1.5-hour mark while an uncut round 16″ long will turn to ash after burning for about 3.5 hours. However, burn times can vary based on factors such as the type of wood, its size, and how it's been stored.
The heat output of firewood is crucial when choosing the best firepit wood. It's measured in British thermal units (Btu), with each type of wood having a specific Btu content. For instance, hardwood species have an available heat value of about 8,600 Btu per oven-dry pound, while resinous softwood species average slightly higher at 9,050 Btu. The moisture content of the wood also affects its heat output. For example, air-dried hardwood firewood with about 20 percent moisture has a heat value of 7,100 Btu per pound. The denser the wood, the more heat it will produce, making heavyweight woods like oak or hickory ideal for firepits.
Choosing the right firepit wood involves considering its smoke and spark production. For instance, Elder burns quickly with little heat output and produces lots of smoke, making it a less desirable choice. Horse Chestnut, a low-quality firewood, spits a lot. Larch, even when well-seasoned, spits excessively and can produce a lot of soot deposits. Sweet Chestnut, while it burns when seasoned, spits continuously and excessively, posing a risk of flying sparks if burning on an open fire. Pine burns well but tends to spit and can leave sooty deposits. Poplar, even when seasoned, burns slowly to produce a black choking smoke.
The cost of firewood can vary greatly depending on several factors. A full cord of hardwood typically costs between $275 to $400, including delivery. However, prices can rise to $600 per cord or more for premium hardwoods during winter. The cost also depends on the volume of wood purchased, with larger loads generally being more cost-effective. Additionally, the type of wood, its condition, and the season can all influence the price. Delivery and stacking services may also add to the overall cost. It's important to consider these factors when budgeting for firepit wood.
Burning wood, including firepit wood, has a significant environmental impact. It contributes to over 30% of particle pollution during winter months in certain regions. Burned wood releases more particle pollution than vehicles and businesses combined, including pollutants like mercury, carbon monoxide, greenhouse gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and nitrogen oxides. These VOCs can form ground-level ozone and acid rain. Wood burning is also a major source of dioxins, which can accumulate in the environment and our food supply.
Hardwoods like ash, beech, and oak are excellent choices for fire pits due to their high density and low moisture content, ensuring a clean, long-lasting flame. Pine, while quick to ignite and perfect for setting a relaxing atmosphere, burns quickly and is best used as kindling. Maple wood is ideal for cooking, infusing meals with a sweet flavor. Cherry wood lights quickly and stays aflame for hours, making it a time-saving option. However, ensure that the wood is seasoned and dry for the best results.
Oak is a popular choice for firepit wood due to its density and excellent heat output. With over 600 species, there's a lot of diversity, but common ones include the northern red oak, white oak, and pin oak. Oak firewood is known for its long burn time, making it a great choice for firepits. However, it's worth noting that oak can be difficult to split and requires a significant seasoning time, ideally over a year. Despite this, the wait is worthwhile as seasoned oak burns hotter and cleaner, providing a cozy, long-lasting fire for your firepit.
Hickory is an excellent choice for firepit wood due to its high thermal energy content, making it suitable for both outdoor and indoor burning. It produces high-quality coals and adds a natural sweetness to smoked meat. Hickory firewood has a low sap content, resulting in cleaner burning and less creosote production. Despite being difficult to split, the effort is worthwhile as it provides good overnight fuel for wood stoves. It also has a long lifespan, with a cord of seasoned hickory lasting about ten weeks. However, it's important to ensure the hickory is seasoned before burning to avoid creosote buildup.
Maple firewood is categorized into hard and soft types. Hard maple, including sugar and black maple, is dense and burns long and hot, making it a preferred choice for many. It's comparable to oak in terms of BTU and burning characteristics. Soft maple, like red and silver maple, is less dense but still makes good firewood. It often splits easier and dries faster. However, maple wood is prone to bug infestation and doesn't store well, so it's best to burn it within a year or two. It's plentiful in the northeastern US and Canada.
Pine is a common type of firewood, particularly appreciated for its pleasant scent. However, it's not ideal for indoor use due to its high smoke output and low heat output. Pine's efficiency is significantly lower compared to hardwoods like black locust. It also produces minimal sparks, making it safer for outdoor use. However, pine is poor in coal production, meaning it doesn't sustain a fire for long. It's also known for high creosote production, a residue that can build up in chimneys and pose a fire hazard. Therefore, pine is best used for kindling and outdoor fires.
Western Red Cedar is a premier choice for firepit wood due to its durability, aroma, and natural resistance to deterioration. Its low density and consistency make it less likely to warp or twist, retaining a distinguished appearance. The wood's distinct aroma comes from natural compounds called thujaplicins, acting as natural preservatives. Cedar's low density also increases insulation, making it an excellent choice for firepits. It has good insulation value, making it superior to other common softwood species. Its flame-spread rating is lower than most dense softwoods, making it safer for use in firepits.
Fire pit safety is crucial when using firewood. It's important to know how to extinguish the fire pit, letting the fire burn down naturally before pouring water over all the embers. When lighting the fire pit, use a flat surface made of non-flammable material and pay attention to wind direction. Use seasoned, dried wood intended for fireplaces and backyard fires. Position your fire pit away from flammable materials and use a screen to contain sparks. Even with all precautions, accidents can happen, so familiarize yourself with what to do in case of a fire.
Choosing the right firepit wood is a balance between various factors such as burn time, heat output, smoke production, and cost. Hardwoods like oak, beech, and ash are excellent choices due to their high density and low moisture content, providing a clean, long-lasting flame. Softwoods like pine and cedar, while quick to ignite, are best used as kindling due to their fast burn time. Always ensure that the wood is seasoned and dry for optimal results. Remember, the choice of firepit wood can significantly impact the environment, so it's crucial to make informed decisions. Lastly, safety should always be a priority when using firepit wood. With this guide, you're now equipped to make the best choice for your firepit wood, ensuring a warm, enjoyable, and safe outdoor experience.